Characteristics of High-Quality Data

High-quality clinical research data have several interrelated characteristics. Accuracy means that data correctly represent what was observed, measured, reported, or documented. Completeness means that required data are present or that missingness is clearly documented. Consistency means that data do not contradict related information elsewhere in the dataset. Timeliness means that data are collected, entered, reviewed, and available within expected timeframes. Validity means that values conform to predefined formats, ranges, and rules. Reliability means that measurements are reproducible under comparable conditions. Integrity means that data are protected against unauthorized or undocumented change.